The internationalization of migrant smuggling networks between Mexico and the Unites States

Abstract

This article, based on interviews with 192 migrant smugglers conducted between 2008 and 2019, aims to analyze the process of internationalization of migrant smuggling networks between Mexico and the United States. This paper begins by comparatively studying the work of theorists who stress that migrant smuggling networks have undergone a growing degree of complexity, delocalization and internationalization, and those who point out that these networks have not suffered significant changes. Next, the method and the actors interviewed are described. Thereafter, the results of this research indicate that between 2008 and 2019 it went from a predominance of local networks to a preponderance of international networks. In the former migrants and smugglers are united by bonds of countryman ship and friendship. In the latter there are no links between these actors. Finally, we conclude that international networks pose a higher risk to migrants because if any mishap occurs to them the families of migrants cannot ask for explanations or hold smugglers accountable.