Quality of Death in Fighting Bulls during Bullfights: Neurobiology and Physiological Responses

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AudienciaPúblico en generales_ES
CoberturaMéxicoes_ES
Fecha de ingreso2026-10-05T16:33:34Z
Fecha de publicación2021-01-01
ResumenSimple Summary Fighting bulls that participate in bullfighting face energy and metabolic demands due to the high intensity and duration of the exercise performed. Under these conditions, specific corporal mechanisms, such as the acid-base balance, are affected, causing metabolic acidosis. However, fighting bulls also undergo muscular injuries, physiological changes, and high enzyme concentrations that reflect the stress to which they are subjected, and in some bulls, bullfights can trigger electrolytic imbalances that include hypercalcaemia, hypermagnesaemia, and hyperphosphataemia, exacerbated by muscular necrosis and myoglobinuria. During bullfights, bulls undergo physiometabolic responses such as glycolysis, anaerobic reactions, cellular oedema, splenic contraction, and hypovolemic shock. The objective of this review article is to present the current knowledge on the factors that cause stress in fighting bulls during bullfights, including their dying process, by discussing the neurobiology and their physiological responses. The literature shows that biochemical imbalances occur during bullfights, including hypercalcaemia, hypermagnesaemia, hyperphosphataemia, hyperlactataemia, and hyperglycaemia, associated with increased endogenous cortisol and catecholamine levels. Creatine kinase, citrate synthase, and lactate dehydrogenase levels also increase, coupled with decreases in pH, blood bicarbonate levels, excess base, partial oxygen pressure, and oxygen saturation. The intense exercise also causes a marked decrease of glycogen in type I and II muscle fibres that can produce myoglobinuria and muscular necrosis. Other observations suggest the presence of osteochondrosis. The existing information allows us to conclude that during bullfights, bulls face energy and metabolic demands due to the high intensity and duration of the exercise performed, together with muscular injuries, physiological changes, and high enzyme concentrations. In addition, the final stage of the bullfight causes a slow dying process for an animal that is sentient and conscious of its surroundings.es_ES
Doihttps://doi.org/10.3390/ani11102820es_ES
URIhttps://riuat.uat.edu.mx/handle/123456789/5390
Idiomaenes_ES
EditorialMDPIes_ES
RelaciónAnimalses_ES
URL relacionadohttps://doi.org/10.3390/ani11102820es_ES
DerechosAcceso abierto (Metadatos de producción científica)es_ES
Licenciahttp://purl.org/coar/access_right/c_abf2es_ES
FuenteAnimals
Palabra clavepaines_ES
Palabra claveabattoires_ES
Palabra clavesensitisationes_ES
Palabra clavestunninges_ES
Palabra clavecattlees_ES
Palabra claveanimal welfarees_ES
Palabra clavefighting bullses_ES
TítuloQuality of Death in Fighting Bulls during Bullfights: Neurobiology and Physiological Responseses_ES
TipoArtículoes_ES
ArbitradoHa sido Arbitradoes_ES
AutorMota-Rojas, Daniel
AutorNapolitano, Fabio
AutorStrappini, Ana
AutorOrihuela, Agustin
AutorMartinez-Burnes, Julio
AutorHernandez-Avalos, Ismael
AutorMora-Medina, Patricia
AutorVelarde, Antonio
AutorMota-Rojas, Danieles_ES
AutorNapolitano, Fabioes_ES
AutorStrappini, Anaes_ES
AutorOrihuela, Agustines_ES
AutorMartinez-Burnes, Julioes_ES
AutorHernandez-Avalos, Ismaeles_ES
AutorMora-Medina, Patriciaes_ES
AutorVelarde, Antonioes_ES
InstituciónUniversidad Autónoma de Tamaulipas
InstituciónUniversidad Autónoma de Tamaulipases_ES
Número10es_ES
URL relacionadahttps://doi.org/10.3390/ani11102820
Tipo de artículoIndexado
Tipo de artículoIndexadoes_ES
Volumen11es_ES

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