Soil–Plant–Animal Mineral Dynamics in Extensive Goat Production Systems: A Critical Review of Geochemical Availability, Soil–Plant Transfer, and Ruminal Bioavailability

Abstract

Mineral imbalances in extensive goat production are frequently viewed as isolated deficiencies; however, they arise from complex interactions within the soil–plant–animal continuum. This review critically synthesizes evidence on mineral dynamics in goats raised under extensive, arid, and semiarid conditions, with emphasis on geochemical availability, soil–plant transfer, digestive mineral processes, and animal biomarkers. Soil mineral concentrations do not necessarily predict plant uptake or animal mineral status, particularly in alkaline and drought-prone soils where physicochemical factors constrain mineral solubility and availability. Forage plant species play a crucial role in linking soil to goats, although their mineral contributions vary by species, plant part, and season. Furthermore, ruminal physicochemical transformations and mineral antagonisms can alter the amount and chemical form of minerals reaching the intestine, thereby influencing subsequent intestinal absorption and whole-animal utilization, with Cu–Mo–S interactions being particularly relevant. Assessing mineral status in goats requires an integrated approach that considers soil, plant, selected diet, water, supplementation, animal biomarkers, and health outcomes. Future research should prioritize goat-specific predictive studies to improve supplementation strategies and enhance sustainability.