Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and phenotypes: a state-of-the-art

Abstract

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a heterogeneous and multisystemic COPD; disease with progressive increasing morbidity and mortality. COPD is now widely accepted as a Phenotyping; heterogeneous condition with multiple phenotypes and endotypes. This review will discuss the Emphysema; old and new concepts for the different types of COPD phenotypes, as well as the inclusion of Bronchitis; them in current guidelines. Phenotypical approach to COPD is having huge impact on everyday Asthma; practice and changed nonpharmacological and pharmacological management of COPD in last Lung decade. However, phenotypical approach is small step to precision medicine in COPD management in the absence of big, specific and well-designed COPD trials with exact identification of phenotypes for more personalization of the treatment of COPD. (C) 2019 Sociedade Portuguesa de Pneumologia. Published by Elsevier Espana, S.L.U.